

He identifies more than three hundred such vigias, providing exact locations, details of their original discovery and those who discovered them, as well as Admiralty expeditions despatched to investigate them.


What is the story behind these mysterious vigias? Raymond Howgego offers a unique study of this intriguing phenomenon. Yet amazingly none of these supposed hazards had any real existence. Known to seamen as 'vigias', these were dangers whose existence rested on authentic, documented sightings. Open any nineteenth century navigational chart of the Atlantic Ocean and what is immediately apparent is the proliferation of rocks, shoals, islands and other hazards that litter almost every corner of the ocean.
